Year11 MATH 4-1-21Dot Product

The dot product (or scalar product) of two vectors,

a=a1,a2modified a with right arrow above equals open angle bracket a sub 1 comma a sub 2 close angle bracket and b=b1,b2modified b with right arrow above equals open angle bracket b sub 1 comma b sub 2 close angle bracket,

is a scalar value calculated as a1b1+a2b2a sub 1 b sub 1 plus a sub 2 b sub 2.

It measures the alignment of vectors, with ab=|a||b|cos(θ)modified a with right arrow above center dot modified b with right arrow above equals the absolute value of modified a with right arrow above end-absolute-value the absolute value of modified b with right arrow above end-absolute-value cosine open paren theta close paren, and is zero if they are perpendicular. 

Key Definitions and Formulas 

  • Algebraic Definition: The sum of the products of corresponding components: ab=a1b1+a2b2++anbnmodified a with right arrow above center dot modified b with right arrow above equals a sub 1 b sub 1 plus a sub 2 b sub 2 plus … plus a sub n b sub n.
  • Geometric Definition: The product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine of the angle θtheta between them: ab=|a||b|cos(θ)modified a with right arrow above center dot modified b with right arrow above equals the absolute value of modified a with right arrow above end-absolute-value the absolute value of modified b with right arrow above end-absolute-value cosine open paren theta close paren.
  • Vector Magnitude: A vector’s dot product with itself equals the square of its magnitude: vv=|v|2modified v with right arrow above center dot modified v with right arrow above equals the absolute value of modified v with right arrow above end-absolute-value squared

Key Properties 

  • Scalar Result: The output is a number, not a vector.
  • Commutative: ab=bamodified a with right arrow above center dot modified b with right arrow above equals modified b with right arrow above center dot modified a with right arrow above.
  • Distributive: a(b+c)=ab+acmodified a with right arrow above center dot open paren modified b with right arrow above plus modified c with right arrow above close paren equals modified a with right arrow above center dot modified b with right arrow above plus modified a with right arrow above center dot modified c with right arrow above.
  • Orthogonal Vectors: If the dot product is 0, the vectors are perpendicular ( θ=90theta equals 90 raised to the composed with power).
  • Parallel Vectors: The dot product is maximized when vectors point in the same direction ( θ=0theta equals 0 raised to the composed with power). 

Common Uses 

  • Finding Angles: cos(θ)=ab|a||b|cosine open paren theta close paren equals the fraction with numerator modified a with right arrow above center dot modified b with right arrow above and denominator the absolute value of modified a with right arrow above end-absolute-value the absolute value of modified b with right arrow above end-absolute-value end-fraction.
  • Physics: Calculating work done by a force, W=Fdcap W equals modified cap F with right arrow above center dot modified d with right arrow above.
  • Projections: Finding the projection of one vector onto another. 

Example Calculation
If u=2,3modified u with right arrow above equals open angle bracket 2 comma 3 close angle bracket and v=4,-1modified v with right arrow above equals open angle bracket 4 comma negative 1 close angle bracket, then: uv=(2×4)+(3×1)=83=5\vec{u}\cdot \vec{v}=(2\times 4)+(3\times -1)=8-3=5

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2つのベクトルのドット積(またはスカラー積)

2つのベクトル a=a1,a2\vec{a}=\langle a_{1},a_{2}\rangle と、b=b1,b2\vec{b}=\langle b_{1},b_{2}\rangle のドット積(またはスカラー積)は、a1b1+a2b2a_{1}b_{1}+a_{2}b_{2} として計算されるスカラー値です。

これはベクトルの配置を ab=|a||b|cos(θ)\vec{a}\cdot \vec{b}=|\vec{a}||\vec{b}|\cos (\theta ) で測定し、ベクトルが直交する場合は 0 となります。

主要な定義と公式

代数的定義:対応する成分の積の和:ab=a1b1+a2b2++anbna⃗⋅b⃗=a1b1+a2b2+…+anbn

幾何学的定義:ベクトルの大きさとそれらの間の角度 θ の余弦の積:ab=|a||b|cos(θ)\vec{a}\cdot \vec{b}=|\vec{a}||\vec{b}|\cos (\theta )

ベクトルの大きさ:ベクトルとそれ自身の内積は、その大きさの2乗に等しくなります。vv=|v|2 \vec{v}\cdot \vec{v}=|\vec{v}|^{2}

主な特性

スカラー結果:出力はベクトルではなく数値です。

交換法則:ab=ba\vec{a}\cdot \vec{b}=\vec{b}\cdot \vec{a}

分配法則: a(b+c)=ab+ac\vec{a}\cdot (\vec{b}+\vec{c})=\vec{a}\cdot \vec{b}+\vec{a}\cdot \vec{c}

直交ベクトル: 内積 (dot product) が 0 の場合、ベクトルは直交します (θ=90 \theta =90^{\circ })。

平行ベクトル: 内積は、ベクトルが同じ方向を向いているときに最大になります (θ=90\theta =90^{\circ })。

一般的な用途

角度の計算: cos(θ)=ab|a||b|\cos (\theta )=\frac{\vec{a}\cdot \vec{b}}{|\vec{a}||\vec{b}|}

物理学: 力によってなされた仕事の計算 W=FdW=\vec{F}\cdot \vec{d}

投影: あるベクトルから別のベクトルへの投影を求める。

計算例 : u=2,3\vec{u}=\langle 2,3\rangle and v=4,1\vec{v}=\langle 4,-1\rangle のとき、

 uv=(2×4)+(3×1)=83=5\vec{u}\cdot \vec{v}=(2\times 4)+(3\times -1)=8-3=5


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