Year11 MATH 4-1-21Dot Product

The dot product (or scalar product) of two vectors,

a⃗=⟨a1,a2⟩modified a with right arrow above equals open angle bracket a sub 1 comma a sub 2 close angle bracket and b⃗=⟨b1,b2⟩modified b with right arrow above equals open angle bracket b sub 1 comma b sub 2 close angle bracket,

is a scalar value calculated as a1b1+a2b2a sub 1 b sub 1 plus a sub 2 b sub 2.

It measures the alignment of vectors, with a⃗⋅b⃗=|a⃗||b⃗|cos(θ)modified a with right arrow above center dot modified b with right arrow above equals the absolute value of modified a with right arrow above end-absolute-value the absolute value of modified b with right arrow above end-absolute-value cosine open paren theta close paren, and is zero if they are perpendicular. 

Key Definitions and Formulas 

  • Algebraic Definition: The sum of the products of corresponding components: a⃗⋅b⃗=a1b1+a2b2+…+anbnmodified a with right arrow above center dot modified b with right arrow above equals a sub 1 b sub 1 plus a sub 2 b sub 2 plus … plus a sub n b sub n.
  • Geometric Definition: The product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine of the angle θtheta between them: a⃗⋅b⃗=|a⃗||b⃗|cos(θ)modified a with right arrow above center dot modified b with right arrow above equals the absolute value of modified a with right arrow above end-absolute-value the absolute value of modified b with right arrow above end-absolute-value cosine open paren theta close paren.
  • Vector Magnitude: A vector’s dot product with itself equals the square of its magnitude: v⃗⋅v⃗=|v⃗|2modified v with right arrow above center dot modified v with right arrow above equals the absolute value of modified v with right arrow above end-absolute-value squared. 

Key Properties 

  • Scalar Result: The output is a number, not a vector.
  • Commutative: a⃗⋅b⃗=b⃗⋅a⃗modified a with right arrow above center dot modified b with right arrow above equals modified b with right arrow above center dot modified a with right arrow above.
  • Distributive: a⃗⋅(b⃗+c⃗)=a⃗⋅b⃗+a⃗⋅c⃗modified a with right arrow above center dot open paren modified b with right arrow above plus modified c with right arrow above close paren equals modified a with right arrow above center dot modified b with right arrow above plus modified a with right arrow above center dot modified c with right arrow above.
  • Orthogonal Vectors: If the dot product is 0, the vectors are perpendicular ( θ=90∘theta equals 90 raised to the composed with power).
  • Parallel Vectors: The dot product is maximized when vectors point in the same direction ( θ=0∘theta equals 0 raised to the composed with power). 

Common Uses 

  • Finding Angles: cos(θ)=a⃗⋅b⃗|a⃗||b⃗|cosine open paren theta close paren equals the fraction with numerator modified a with right arrow above center dot modified b with right arrow above and denominator the absolute value of modified a with right arrow above end-absolute-value the absolute value of modified b with right arrow above end-absolute-value end-fraction.
  • Physics: Calculating work done by a force, W=F⃗⋅d⃗cap W equals modified cap F with right arrow above center dot modified d with right arrow above.
  • Projections: Finding the projection of one vector onto another. 

Example Calculation
If u⃗=⟨2,3⟩modified u with right arrow above equals open angle bracket 2 comma 3 close angle bracket and v⃗=⟨4,-1⟩modified v with right arrow above equals open angle bracket 4 comma negative 1 close angle bracket, then: u→⋅v→=(2×4)+(3×−1)=8−3=5\vec{u}\cdot \vec{v}=(2\times 4)+(3\times -1)=8-3=5

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2つのベクトルのドット積(またはスカラー積)

2つのベクトル a→=⟨a1,a2⟩\vec{a}=\langle a_{1},a_{2}\rangle と、b→=⟨b1,b2⟩\vec{b}=\langle b_{1},b_{2}\rangle のドット積(またはスカラー積)は、a1b1+a2b2a_{1}b_{1}+a_{2}b_{2} として計算されるスカラー値です。

これはベクトルの配置を a→⋅b→=|a→||b→|cos⁡(θ)\vec{a}\cdot \vec{b}=|\vec{a}||\vec{b}|\cos (\theta ) で測定し、ベクトルが直交する場合は 0 となります。

主要な定義と公式

代数的定義:対応する成分の積の和:a⃗⋅b⃗=a1b1+a2b2+…+anbna⃗⋅b⃗=a1b1+a2b2+…+anbn

幾何学的定義:ベクトルの大きさとそれらの間の角度 θ の余弦の積:a→⋅b→=|a→||b→|cos⁡(θ)\vec{a}\cdot \vec{b}=|\vec{a}||\vec{b}|\cos (\theta )。

ベクトルの大きさ:ベクトルとそれ自身の内積は、その大きさの2乗に等しくなります。v→⋅v→=|v→|2 \vec{v}\cdot \vec{v}=|\vec{v}|^{2}。

主な特性

スカラー結果:出力はベクトルではなく数値です。

交換法則:a→⋅b→=b→⋅a→\vec{a}\cdot \vec{b}=\vec{b}\cdot \vec{a}。

分配法則: a→⋅(b→+c→)=a→⋅b→+a→⋅c→\vec{a}\cdot (\vec{b}+\vec{c})=\vec{a}\cdot \vec{b}+\vec{a}\cdot \vec{c}。

直交ベクトル: 内積 (dot product) が 0 の場合、ベクトルは直交します (θ=90∘ \theta =90^{\circ })。

平行ベクトル: 内積は、ベクトルが同じ方向を向いているときに最大になります (θ=90∘\theta =90^{\circ })。

一般的な用途

角度の計算: cos⁡(θ)=a→⋅b→|a→||b→|\cos (\theta )=\frac{\vec{a}\cdot \vec{b}}{|\vec{a}||\vec{b}|}。

物理学: 力によってなされた仕事の計算 W=F→⋅d→W=\vec{F}\cdot \vec{d}。

投影: あるベクトルから別のベクトルへの投影を求める。

計算例 : u→=⟨2,3⟩\vec{u}=\langle 2,3\rangle and v→=⟨4,−1⟩\vec{v}=\langle 4,-1\rangle のとき、

 u→⋅v→=(2×4)+(3×−1)=8−3=5\vec{u}\cdot \vec{v}=(2\times 4)+(3\times -1)=8-3=5


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